Rabies Treatment: An Introduction
There is no
rabies treatment that can cure the disease once
rabies symptoms appear. Any rabies treatment at that point involves treating symptoms and making the person comfortable (supportive care). Death is almost certain once the symptoms of rabies begin.
However, two decades ago rabies research scientists developed an extremely effective new rabies treatment regimen that provides protection from rabies when administered after an exposure (post-exposure prophylaxis). The treatment can also be used for protection before an exposure occurs (pre-exposure prophylaxis).
Post-Exposure Rabies Treatment
If a person is bitten by an animal, one of the most effective methods to decrease the chances for infection involves thorough washing of the wound and scratches with soap and water.
In the United States, post-exposure rabies treatment consists of a regimen of one dose of rabies immune globulin and five doses of the
rabies vaccine, over a 28-day period. Doctors administer the rabies immune globulin and the first dose of rabies vaccine as soon as possible after exposure. Normally, additional doses of rabies vaccine follow on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination.
Rabies immune globulin contains antibodies from blood donors who were given rabies vaccine. The antibodies provide interim protection until an exposed person's own antibodies develop in response to the vaccine. In addition, injecting rabies immune globulin at the site of injury reduces the amount of virus that is able to enter the nerve cells and potentially initiate an active infection.
The rabies vaccine works by stimulating a person's immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the virus. The person develops a protective immune response before the virus reaches the brain and begins to actively replicate.
Older rabies vaccines required painful, daily injections in the abdomen for up to three weeks, and they could produce severe side effects. Current rabies vaccines are relatively painless and are given in your arm, like a flu or tetanus vaccine.
Beginning post-exposure rabies treatment is a medical urgency, not a medical emergency. Physicians should evaluate each possible exposure to rabies and, as necessary, consult with local or state public health officials regarding the need for rabies prophylaxis.
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